Method of progressively welding railroad car side walls



Feb. 16, 1954 C '$CHANZ 2,669,015

METHOD OF PROGRESSIVELY WELDING RAILROAD CAR SIDE WALLS Filed July 31,1948 l0 Sheets-$heet l ATTOR N EY A. C. SCHANZ Feb. 16, 1954 METHOD OFPROGRESSIVELY WELDING RAILROAD CAR SIDE WALLS Filed July 31,-1948 lOSheets-Sheet 2 ATTOR N EY Feb. 16, 1954 A. c. SCHANZ 2,669,015

METHOD OF PROGRESSIVELY WELDING RAILROAD CAR SIDE WALLS Filed July 31,1948 10 Sheets-Sheet 5 awe/whom ATTOR N EY A. C. SCHANZ Feb. 16, 1954METHOD OF PROGRESSIVELY WELDING RAILROAD CAR SIDE WALLS l0 Sheets-Sheet4 Filed July 51, 1948 ATTOR N EY A.C.SCHANZ Feb. 16, 1954 METHOD OFPROGRESSIVELY WELDING RAILROAD CAR SIDE WALLS Filed July 31, 1948 10Sheets-Sheet 5 ATTOR N EY A. C. SCHANZ Feb. 16, 1954 METHOD OFPROGRESSIVELY WELDING RAILROAD CAR SIDE WALLS l0 Sheets-Sheet 6 FiledJuly 31, 1948 ATTOR N EY Feb. 16, 1954 c SCHANZ 2,669,015

METHOD OF PROGRESSIVELY WELDING RAILROAD CAR SIDE WALLS Filed July 31,1948 10 Sheets-Sheet 7 ATTORNEY A. C. SCHANZ Feb. 16, 1954 METHOD OFPROGRESSIVELY WELDING RAILROAD CAR SIDE WALLS 10 Sheets-Sheet 8 FiledJuly 31, 1948 a woe/Mow ATTORNEY FEB. I6, 1954 A, Q SCHANZ 2,669,015

METHOD OF PROGRESSIVELY WELDING RAILROAD CAR SIDE WALLS Filed Jlily 51,1948 10 Sheets-Sheet 9 A. C. SCHANZ METHOD OF PROGRESSIVELY WELDINGRAILROAD CAR SIDE WALLS Filed July 51, 1948 I 1O Sheets-Sheet 10Patented Feb. 16, 1954 METHOD OF PROGRESSIVELY WELDING RAILROAD CAR SIDEWALLS.

Arthur C. Schanz, Glen Ridge, N. J assignor to American Car and FoundryCompany, New York, N. Y., a corporation of New Jersey Application July31, 1948, Serial No. 41,834

1 Claim.

1 This invention relates to the method of and apparatus for formingunits composed of panels and reinforcing elements and more particularlyfor use as side wall units for railroad cars.

An object of the invention is to provide an economical method offabricating welded railroad car side units on an assembly line.

Another object of the invention is to provide a method of fabrication bymeans of which the elements of a railroad car side are progressivelyassembled and welded together at stations along an assembly line.

' Another object of the invention is to provide a jig for welding panelstogether in which the adjacent edges of the panels are held in definitefixed relation during the welding operation.

Another object of the invention is to provide a welding machine with apneumatic means for counterbalancing the gantry so that it may be raisedand lowered accurately and with minimum effort.

Another object of the invention is to provide awelding machine withmechanism that will accurately raise and lower the gantry.

Another object of the invention is to provide a welding head with dualhold down means for the sides of an element being welded to another.

' A further object of the invention is to provide a welding machine inwhich a movable platen serves the dual purpose of moving weldingequipment up and down and at the same time clamping together theelements being welded. v

These and other objects of the invention will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art from a study of the following description andaccompanying drawings, in which:

Figure 1 is an upside down side elevational I view of a side Wallblanket for railroad cars formed of a plurality of welded togetherpanels. Figure 2 is an upside down side elevational view of the sidewall blanket having a bottom side sill welded thereto.

Figure 3 is an upside down side elevational view of a completed sidewall unit showing the stakes, top angle plate and bottom side sillwelded to the blanket. Figure 4 i a plan view of the first portion of acontinuous jig.

Figure 5 is a fragmentary sectional View of the jig shown in Figure 4taken on line 5-45.

Figure 6 is an enlarged fragmentary vertical sectional view through thefirst welding machine Figure 8 is a side elevational view of the weldingmachine at the second station.

figure 9 is a plan view of the welding machine at the second station.

Figure 10 is a plan view of the lie at the second station.

Figure 11 is a fragmentary sectional view of the jig taken on line llllof Figure 10.

. Figure 12 is a front elevational view, partly in section, of thewelding machine at the third assembly line station.

Figure 13 is an end view, partly in section, of the welding machine andjig at the third station in the assembly line.

Figure 14 is a plan view of the jig at the third welding Station in theassembly line.

Figure 15 i a fragmentary sectional view of the jig taken on line l5l5of Figure 14.

Figure 16 is a sectional view of the jig taken on line |6-I B of Figure4.

A permanently assembled side wall unit I for a railroad car is shown inFigure 3, the unit being designed for a hopper car for illustrationpurposes. This unit is composed of a plurality of sheet metal panels 2welded together along their adjacent edge portions 3 to form a blanket.The upper portion of the blanket is bent to slope inwardly along line 4.To this blanket there is welded a top L-shaped angle plate 5 and aU-shaped bottom sill 6. Stakes I are welded to the blanket, the topangle plate and the bottom side sill and are arranged so that theyoverlie the Welds 3. There are also stakes located between the welds 3.

The component parts of the car side unit are welded together at threestations along a continuous assembly line, the assembly line being inthe form of a jig 8. Longitudinally extending I beams 9 and transverselyextending I beams ll) form the base structure of the jig. Beams 9 aresuitably secured to the floor II and beams 10 are secured across thetops of beams 9 by clamp means 12 permitting adjustment of beams ID in alongitudinal direction. Rollers l3 are located adjacent each of thetransverse beams and are rotatably mounted on carriers I4 fixed to rods15 extending into cylinders l6 suitably secured to the adjacent beamsl0. Rods 15 extend into the cylinders and have pistons I! securedthereto. Air under pressure is controlled to flow into the cylinders ateither end of the pistons through air hose connections i8 and I9, suchhoses being connected with a suitable source of air under pressure andunder the control of a manually operable valve. Rollers I3 provide anelevated means for supporting the panel blanket when it is to be movedfrom one welding station to another, and when such movement is to takeplace air is admitted into the cylinders to elevate the roller to aposition above a work supporting table mounted on the jig base. Afterthe blanket has reached leach welding station the rollers are loweredbelow the top surface of the supporting table.

Supported on the base of the jig and particularly on beams I is tablestructure which diffe s i slightly at each of the three welding stationsto accommodate the location of the ,weldment.

The table structure consists of longitudinally extending side beams 20,transverse beams 22 .extending between and secured to beams 28, and acentral longitudinally extending support made up of beams 2! extendingbetween and secured to beams 22. Pads 23 are adjustably secured beneaththe beams to pads 23 welded on th tops of transverse'base beams it. arecoextensive with and secured to one side of the longitudinal beams 28andfiller strips 2% are suitably secured across the tops of the beams20, angle members 28' and intermediate beams '21.

Suitably secured on the top of some of the beams 22 at the first weldingstation and substantially coextensive therewith is an angle member 25formed .of copper. The other beams 22 at this welding station arehigherthan the copper capped beams so that the top surface thereof is ina1ignment with the "top surface of the copper members "25. The coppermembers are preferably located in positions where the panels are to bewelded together as indicated at3. It will be noted that the longitudinalbeams 28 are adjustable transversely to accommodate different sizes ,ofcar side blankets. Along each side of the table at the first weldingstation are arranged bell crank clamps 26 pivoted at 27 to brackets 28fixed on beams .10. Control rods'i are pivotedtothe bell ,is preferablyof'the sub-merged arc type.

.The-weldineis .doneat three stations along the jig line by weldingmachines 3 [having many simi- .lar characteristics which will now bedescribed. These machines aremounted on tracks .32 ex tendingoutsideofthejig and parallel with beams 9 so Ethat the machines canbemoved longitudinally at .eachstation'fora proper placement with.respecttothe work ,tofbe welded. .Thegantry is secured on trucks 3'3carryingfianged wheels 3' 1 .andateach end of eachtruckissecured acolumn structure ,35 .ontop of which is mounted a rec- .tangular top-,framewo rk made up of end girder .structuresfifi and side girderstructures 31. Driving .motors .38 .aremounted .on the columns at oneendof the trucks and operate gears "39 meshing withdrive gears .45 fixedon-axles wLil on which wheels 34 .are .mounted. .Suitable mechanism=(not shown) isprovided for. controlling the motor .for driving .thewelding machine longitudinally with-respect .tothe. assembly; line jig..Braces 5.3

.reinforcethe connections between the top frame- ,workandtheccolumns-while gusset plates .56 reinforce the--corners of the.topframework.

vertically adjustable platenl is carried. by the gantry. The platenconsists of a rectangular Angle members 2 8 frame having front and rearbeams 42 and longitudinal beams 55 extending between columns to which isfixed internally threaded nuts 43 through which elevating screws 54extend. These screws are anchored at their base portions to the trucksand extend through suitable bearings 45 in the top framework. At theupper ends of the elevating screws are fixed gears it meshing with gearsll, and gears t? are fixed on shafts 48 mounted in suitable bearings inthe top frame- -work. Gears 39 on shafts t3 mesh with gears 50 on shaft5|. This shaft is driven by reversible motor 52 which drives belt 53' torotate jack shaft .54 having a driving connection through chain 6!] withshaft 5!. The motor is suitably controlled to cause the elevatin screws44 to be rotated in opposite directions and thus the platen may beraised or lowered as desired. The platen carries means for clampingtogether component parts of the side unit to be welded in closeproximity to the lines of weldznent. At each corner of the platen thereis a shoe having a bearing portion en gaging a vertically extendingguide rod 57 fixed in each gantry column by means of angle irons 5B.

The weightcf the platen P is counterbalanced by pneumatic means in orderto relieve the pressure on the elevating screws M and nuts 43 to therebyreduce to a minimum thepower required to raise or lower the platen. Thispneumatic means takes the form of two opposite cylinders 53 mounted onthe tops of trucks 33 and carrying pistons iii having rods 62 connectedthere with. These rods extend through the tops of the cylinders and areconnected with the side beams of the platen. These cylinders haveaconnection 63 by means of which compressed air can be admitted belowthe pistons at a desiredpressure which normally is approximately theforce needed to counterbalance the weight of the platen.

The platen "P carries the welding equipment and the means for holdingthe-pieces to be welded together. At the first welding station on thejig assembly line a welding equipment supporting beam 65 extends betweenand is secured on the tops of longitudinalplaten beams 35. The weldingequipment carried by beam 55 consists of a head having a base carriage66, a bottom'h-ousing 61, driving-motor 58, electrode wire reel '69 anda flux containinghopper lilj. The head-is-driven along the supportingbeams 65 by a drive'roller Tl rotated by the motor and engaging a rail12 fixed to the supportingbeam E5. The carriage is maintained inposition by a guide roller 13' engaging a trackiii on beam 55 andanother guide roller engaging the ,rail "72 on the opposite sidefrom thedriving roller l l. "Flux tube 15 extends downwardly fromthe hopper "illand the electrode wire it that is wound around reel 69projectsdownwardly throughtubelfi. The electrode TI is electricallyconnected with a suitable welding generator mounted on the upperframework of the gantry. It has been seen thatthe platen can be adjustedup and down on the gantry and, through a suitable control of motor' 6 8,the

.electrodecarriage can be moved transverse'ly of the jig and the platento make the weldment 3. The electrode and the flux tube are'locatedbyadjustmentof the platen, operationof motor=68 and by the position of thegantry on its tracks to I place the electrode. directly above the Iabutting endsof the side unit panel st at the point where the weidistobe ed U on op ra n .Q ihe motor 68 the welding carriage and electrodewill be moved along the junction of the panels 2 until the adjacentedges 3 are welded together, the current being grounded through thecopper plate 25 attached 'to the metallic table and base structure onwhich the panels are clamped.

The platen P of the welding machine at the first station also carriesmeans for holding the adjacent edges of panels in position for weldmentagainst the copper plates 25. Two series of clamping devices areprovided and each series is arranged in rows. Each device consists of aclamp finger 80 fixed on the end of lever 8I that is pivotally mountedon a bracket 82 welded to an angle iron section 82'. These angle ironsections 82 extend transversely between platen beams 55 and are securedby bolts 82 to supporting plates 83 extending transversely between andsecured to the platen beams 55. Outer hollow beams 85 extendtransversely between the platen beams 55 and are secured thereto bytensive therewith is arranged an air tube 86. Be-- neath the air tubeand coextensive therewith, within the cup member 83, is an actuatorplate 88 with which is engaged a series of plungers 90 extending throughguides 9| and engaging levers 8I. The tubes have a suitable connectionwith a source of air under pressure and they will exert a uniformpressure against plungers 90 to thereby exert a similar pressure againstthe clamping fingers 80 to hold the adjacent edges of panels 2 againstthe copper plates 25. These clamping devices are fixed to and move withthe platen beams 55 so that they are properly located by adjustment ofthe gantry and the platen. When the adjacent edges of two panels arewelded, the gantry is moved along its tracks to the next adjacent edgesof panels 2 to be welded and is positioned for such welding operation.

After the welding operations have been fin,- ished at station one thegantry platen carrying the welding head and the clamps is elevated androllers I3 are moved upwardly pneumatically to carry the blanket wallconsisting of the welded together plates 2 above the level of the jigtable at station one whereupon the blanket can be moved down theassembly line table to station two where the top angle plate and bottomside sill are welded to the blanket. The portion of the jig at stationtwo is shown in Figures '7, and 11 and the welding machine employed atthis station is shown in Figures 7, 8 and 9.

At the second station in the assembly line the channel or U-shapedbottom sill 6 is placed on the wall blanket adjacent the bottom edgethereof and the top angle plate 5 is placed on the other edge portion ofthe wall blanket in a direction extending longitudinally of the assemblyline jig. At this station the middle beam structure 2| is eliminated andthe side table beams and 20' have fastened thereon longitudinallyextending copper plates I00 and IOI which form a continuation ofsimilarly located plates 24 at the first jig station. On top of thebeams 22 between the copper plates is a filler plate 24'. The wallblanket rests at its endson the copper plates and along its intermediateportion on the filler plates 24'. Plate I00 has an upstanding lip I02against which a leg of the top angle plate is positioned and the topedge of the wall blanket projects over the top of a portion of this legof the top angle plate. The top angle plate is positioned against thelip I02 of the copper plate by a series of clamping heads I03 havingrods I04 extending into cylinders I05 fixed on top of the beams I0 andwithin the cylinders are pistons I06 connected with the rods I04. Thesecylinders are provided with air connections I01 and I08 that areconnected with a source of compressed air whereby the clamping heads I03can be controlled for release of or to engage and hold the top angleplate in position for welding.

The top angle plate is also held in position by a series of verticalclamps I09 that engage the top of the uppermost leg of the angle plateas located on the jig. These clamps are operated by rods IIO that areconnected with pistons III operable within cylinders II2. Suitableconnections H3 and H4 are associated with the cylinders to admit airunder pressure on opposite sides of pistons III and in this manner theselection of the air inlet will actuate the bell crank clamps I09vertically into pressure engagement with the leg of the top angle plateor they will be released from such position. The clamps are guided bypins I00 and the pivotal connection I09 rides in a slot in bracket I I0fixed to beam 20. The jig is provided with a plurality of rollers H5 forpositioning the edge of the blanket adjacent the bottom side sill 6.These rollers are carried by brackets II6 fixed on base members II'Isecured between adjacent base beams I0. The table is also provided withrollers I13 on which the panel blanket is supported. The rollers I3 areactuated in the same manner at this station as they were at the firststation. During the welding operation the rollers lie below the wallblanket and when the welding operation is completed the rollers areelevated so that the blanket clears the welding table and can be pushedon to the third jig station.

The general characteristics and structure of the welding machine atstation two was previously described. As was the case with the weldingmachine at station one, the platen P of the welding machine at stationtwo carries clamping means and the welding equipment.

The clamping means on the welding machine for the channel bottom sidesill at station No. 2 consists of a hollow beam structure I20 having aninternal hollow beam structure I 2I carried by a screw I22 that isadjustable with respect to beam I20. The beam I20 extends longitudinallyof the jig between platen beams 42 and is suitably secured at its endsthereto. A housing I23 is secured to the bottom of beam I20 and enclosesa rubber tube I24 bearing against an actuator plate I 25 that iscoextensive with housing. I23. At intervals along beam I20 is arrangedclamping heads I26 projecting below beam I 20 and bearing againstactuator plate I25. These plunger clamps I26 are arranged to bear atintervals against the uppermost base portion of the bottom side sill 6and a suitable compressed air connection is associated with tube I24 toforce the plungers I26 against channel sill member 6 as may be desiredto hold it in position during the welding operation.

The top end of the wall blanket is held against the leg of the top angleplate overlying the copper plate I00 by pressure clamping devicessimilar to those previously described in connection with th h wn :fQl theelieeeht ede e the. .well panels a th met ete ieh the eembly linetheree l; hete ee .e.r h h m m xt ndme be ween p aten heems 7 e e hereto att ends, Thi hell he. 1'21 encloses at he ow beam the som Screw member1-29. e iue ehl p ti n o beam ifi Hehe h .1; to the bottom of beam 1.12ehe ee h i tubih 1: 1 u r whi h l es ehee eeter pl This ac uator plate hrete e eeri e of 19 1.82 e h o whi coop at withe piy t. J33 r n e elemoh fin er he, A uita le eompressee e hn etie p ev s eel fer tuhe I38 soth plune rs een h mo ed. o p eee theelemp fin ers 1M .eein t he ee dgeit wall blanket at a do 1 pg'essure to hold t e top enel o n he i ieh orthe h lef he e reheh at th stati Th e t .et he. econd ti n h as mbly the@hflifih we he h eei structure 135 which is supported on a hollow heemL36. ext ndi eeri s an he d o he the portion o a e be m 4-2 Thi W l nghead .1; uo tpre ineluolee reversible eleot 'io motor l3! halvin .2 dr vrol e $.3 fri h eh-Y eheeeih .a track 3.9 fixed he th he We din h e eleee e h e he le w e d ll- .hle eeeeeieteo ith ie Weld n heed e ex hop er15.2. and. a reel L 3. f i fe d n el e i w i h h he w th. the e e tro .othiewe hhe he Thiwe d h heed e me..-h e ehe tud. e1 1! Of e Ji nd of h hieh when h me W i hei zie as the rotation of roller We e h e e ehy tra k13. will c u e he We e he hi-"h t m ve n e lon itedihel h etiehy he-1 lheh tudinel oveme t o the Weh ihe eeii i l ehe the el tr de t LIEQYBalon the op dg of h w l bl nke er W lding it t the he ng la e Another.Weldin h e strllfl rh l5 i W ranged to carry two el eotro dee forwelgling the le s o th channe b t om e 6 to t e W blanket. The We din eeomehi i mehh e 9 a tructure on i tin Q e eetehehle up er fram o k -54hev he e t? e miihe hem egoh corner th re and e eh lees'ere eet he tobeams. .42; of th nleiteh- A W L ehllihh hh ca ri r trhe u ve lie thi ehhehtihe' Shh t re and i eemp seo o a tee lie t-ehehler h e. work a. andle s 4 het e erri e W5. fixed thereto. This carriage s ip orte flux hop:pers lesend id ms 7 et th ends of wh ch one mounted guide roller HElectrode wipe reel 9 ere s e hie he th ee i ge and th wiring 9 ehhehq dhh h e is ill abl he ted b h t e wid rol r '58.- Th e e trode and q rhmy e shif e e e hvel by meeh hi m th t ihe hsie eh f i6 driven frommotor 465 mounted on the carriage, eheh ehe ha i o po it is ose o m e ree ehe hhe with he. o he h pe ie for 1. ing g oh relative movement of thehoppers to end eeeh e h 'h ie e ihe meht' s rves e t e relie en the trde i the. own r he itie t r s h e e e dee hi t e b ttom lee e the de5111 6 n th p e nex of the framework 153 is fixed a reversible m'otol162 geared to rotate shaft $3 on, Whioh rollers lfilare mounted. 'I'hisshaft l fi. is also rotetebiy mounted in the upper framework {53 therellere 5 ir h l en a he he -f c .5 extend n el he th ee of Ireme erh hwe. sill.

motor 152. owe; it ll we we the hel e s l .611 ed t ene. h the hi ks 65em; hi. hells! eh e the eeil -zele m' r t mite or them: b tw n izhe oleeh th he e e hhh' .lihe nd the pla en lowered to place t e el trehee n ades ed position at o e nd o the o ehele mete one the bott m Q en tieh ome rs em i eee e the we qihe. he el to move .e h 5 .sicle m m er i on; eene tethe em. ene- Wehiihe .e heee es Iii-6 eke. e nneet d e e ablemenhe with th duel leeth e t tr .t eu nt the ehe p ate hen .re -e lampel ee we the where I? eleve eq. h well. bl nke eh h h h d on he th d eeti h Wh he the 'tehee are we ded there-- on.

Af er he Well bl nke is m v to ete ioh t ree on the ji line r l ers r loered b low the ur eee o th We d ng a e h thie leeet en he h hes he eemebe e ehneert oheis me. of heerhs 8 end L3 end t e b ams. end .2 p e ousy d s b d ehhie 2.? ha top plate hereo and b am 212 having, onper platesthe in he panel uni here thee eh e ferete b l d- O the ende of e me ofthe table beams .2 we fies-e brac ets Hi1 on wh ch an ular eheeer H e iehymehhtea, fre e H of h s p oted so, er e meeee themed e dd e. etehe iand th reb loee them in their proper hee fe e on the w ll h ehhet- .No

- wel blanket ene all e he to ore de= se ibed- In h e hiet hee theplot-en P eerries the i hmeht end. e emh mean he ho din the take in psition. dur g t e W ldin o er tienhueh w d ng eeh em ht s of hedhe 'heedype d ee h ei h eeh eet h ith. the weldin machine; at station two and.the clamping means is im ar. o heqeeeti ed n. conne tion ith the hine tst tion two t r old ng the b em e ee l n p si i n- Th sam numere'hezhhleyeei Fi hledeeer hih he eldin equipment. and. the hold downmechanism are used this instance. At this station thegantry is movedalong tracks 3-2. to the desired position over the blanket as each stakeis to be welded, the platen P is lowered to clamp the stake in weldingposition and. to locate the guides and elegtrodes, Motor I62 iseetuategl to move the welding heacl carriage along the edges of: thestakes Peer ng ga ns the hid W ll hie in. a m nn r imilar to. he-tmployed 1"? t first. ation- Th s o erati n is r eated for ach p i o inwhich theee tzy is oe ted for W ldin the. stakes, W en t e stakeWelding: s. mpleted the pla en i e eva e nd; there ers 13 a e e evatedwher upon the eeerhh eq aide. we l. struete e. en. be rolled en. 9iurther rea ment,

T e in io may e. m di e r ous. eeee te. he wil to theee ski led in the.art exeluei eueeei ellmediheetiehse come within the scope of theappended claimv is contemplated.

What is claimed is:

The method of progressively fabricating a railroad car side Wall whichconsists of placing a plurality of metal plates in side by side relation on a table at a first station, clamping the plates on the table atthe first station with their adjacent sides in abutting relation,welding the abutting side edges of the plates together to form ablanket, unclamping the blanket from the table at the first station,shifting anti-friction elements vertically into engagement with theundersurface of the blanket, elevating the anti-friction elements toraise the blanket out of frictional engagement with elements of thetable at the first station, sliding the blanket on the anti-frictionelements to a position above a table at a second station, lowering theanti-friction elements at the second station whereby to deposit theblanket on the table at the second station, clamping longitudinallyextending reinforcing members, respectively, to each of the longitudinaledges of the blanket, welding the longitudinal members to the blanketwhereby to stiffen the blanket longitudinally, shifting anti-frictionelements vertically into engagement with the undersurface of theblanket, elevating the anti-friction elements to raise the blanket outof frictional engagement with elements of the table at the secondstation,

sliding the blanket on the anti-friction elements to a position above atable at a third station, low- 10 ering anti-friction elements below thelevel of the table at the third station whereby to deposit the blanketon the table at the third station, applying and clamping transverselyextending reinforcing members to the blanket between the longitudinallyextending members, and welding the transversely extending members to theblanket while so held thereon.

ARTHUR C. SCHANZ.

References Cited in the file, of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTSNumber Name Date 1,648,409 Kuney Nov. 8, 1927 1,772,735 Romine Aug. 12,1930 2,021,893 Mitchell Nov. 26, 1935 2,139,288 Shipley Dec. 6, 19382,140,268 Moss Dec. 13, 1938 2,142,109 Burke Jan. 3, 1939 2,176,664Burke Oct. 17, 1 39 2,301,636 Nicol Nov. 10, 1942 2,314,978 Gunn Mar.30, 1943 2,379,531 Lippart July 3, 1945 2,444,834 Landis July 6, 19482,553,947 Shipley May 22, 1951 OTHER REFERENCES Weld. Handbook, 1942edition, pp. 243-267, published by the Americ. Weld. Society, 33 West39th St., New York, N. Y. (Copy in Div. 14.)

Amer. Mach, Feb. 12, 1948, p. 121.

